Stormflow threshold behaviour in a subtropical mountainous headwater catchment during forest recovery period     

Lezhang Wei  Zhijun Qiu  Guangyi Zhou  Tsuyoshi Kinouchi  Yu Liu 《水文研究》2020,34(8):1728-1740

Forest ecohydrological feedbacks complicate the threshold behaviour of stormflow response to precipitation or wetting conditions on a long-term scale (e.g. several years). In this study, the threshold behaviours in an evergreen-deciduous mixed forested headwater catchment in southern China were examined during 2009–2015, when damaged vegetation was recovering after the great 2008 Chinese ice and snowstorm. The non-uniqueness of the thresholds and the slow and rapid responses of stormflow at the outlet of the catchment in different hydro-climate datasets with different maximum values of gross precipitation (P) and sums of precipitation and antecedent soil moisture index (P + ASI) were assessed. The thresholds of P and P + ASI required to trigger stormflows (i.e. ‘generation thresholds’) and the transition from slow to rapid responses of stormflow (i.e. ‘rise thresholds’) were compared both seasonally and annually. The results indicated significant differences in the analysed datasets, highlighting the need to compare thresholds with care to avoid misinterpretation. Seasonal variations in threshold behaviours in the catchment suggested that vegetation canopy interception contributed to higher rise thresholds, and wetter conditions resulted in higher runoff sensitivity to precipitation during the growing and rainy seasons. Furthermore, the generation thresholds were higher in the dormant season, possibly due to drier soil moisture conditions in the near-channel areas. During the vegetation recovery period, the annual generation thresholds increased, however the rise thresholds did not exhibit a similar trend. The rapid stormflow response above the threshold decreased, possibly due to transpiration and interception of the recovered vegetation. However, the slow stormflow response to small rainfall events below the thresholds was higher in wetter years but lower in drier years, suggesting that the total water input dominated the stormflow response during small rainfall events. In conclusion, the seasonal and annual variations in threshold behaviours highlight that vegetation recovery and hydro-climatic conditions had a notable impact on the stormflow response.  相似文献   

新疆库尔勒市道路积尘重金属污染及健康风险评价     

阿地拉&#;艾来提  麦麦提吐尔逊&#;艾则孜  靳万贵  姑力巴努&#;艾尼  艾尼瓦尔&#;买买提  阿里木江&#;卡斯木 《中国地质》2020,47(6):1915-1925

为探究绿洲城市道路积尘重金属污染风险，在新疆库尔勒市采集54个代表性道路积尘样品，分析其中Hg、Cd、As、Pb、Cr和Cu等6种元素含量，基于GIS技术与地学统计法，采用污染负荷指数法和US EPA健康风险评价模型，对道路积尘中重金属污染及潜在健康风险进行评价。结果表明：库尔勒市道路积尘中Hg、Cd、As、Pb和Cu等元素含量的平均值均小于土壤环境质量—建设用地土壤污染风险管控标准（GB 36600—2018）中的筛选值，但Cr元素含量平均值为相应筛选值的9.90倍。污染评价结果表明，研究区道路积尘中Cr呈现重度污染，Hg、Cd、As、Pb和Cu呈无污染。道路积尘中重金属元素的污染负荷指数介于0.0142~0.0522，平均值为0.0266，处于无污染水平。从道路积尘重金属污染空间分布格局来看，库尔勒市东北部和北部区域出现污染高值区。健康风险评估结果表明，经手-口摄入途径是库尔勒市道路积尘重金属日均暴露量及健康风险的主要途径，儿童受到的健康风险高于成人。库尔勒市道路积尘中Hg、Cd、As、Pb、Cr与Cu等元素的非致癌风险及致癌风险处于安全范围内，As对非致癌风险的贡献最大，Cr对致癌风险的贡献最大。  相似文献   

福建浦城县耕地土壤元素地球化学评价     

马骁  陈智贤  林联桂  王彪  敦妍冉 《中国地质调查》2020,7(2):89-94

福建省浦城县是水稻和薏米的重要产区,土壤环境质量和有益营养元素的含量直接影响农作物的产量和品质。基于福建省浦城县1: 5万比例尺土壤地球化学调查成果,依据相关标准和规范对研究区土壤植物生长必需营养元素、重金属环境质量和植物生长有益元素Se进行了评价,为研究区优质土地开发、特色农产品种植、高标准农田建设等提供了科学依据。评价结果表明: 植物生长必需大量元素有机质、N及碱解氮总体处于丰富—适中状态,P总体处于适中—缺乏状态,速效磷处于缺乏—很缺乏状态,K及速效钾含量丰富; 植物生长必需中量元素S的分布情况主要以丰富—适中为主; 植物生长必需微量元素Fe、B、Mn处于很缺乏状态,Mo的分布主要以很丰富—丰富为主,Zn和Cl的分布主要以很丰富—丰富为主; 植物生长有益元素Se总体处于适量状态,富硒土壤面积为6.41 km²。整体而言,浦城县土壤重金属元素达到了一等土壤环境质量标准,具备发展绿色农产品的土壤环境生态条件。  相似文献   

X波段高分辨率SAR数据土石坝表面相干性时序变化分析     

单强  姜卫平  李陶  陈露璐 《测绘通报》2020,(10):1-5

本文以深圳公明水库6个中小型土石坝为试验区，利用10景1 m分辨率升降轨X波段TerraSAR影像和坝体附近连续气象站的降雨量数据，研究了坝体表面相干性的时序变化与雷达本地入射角及降雨的关系。试验结果表明，混凝土面板和草坡平均相干性均会随本地入射角增加而减小，同时，草坡表面平均相干性在有微小降雨的情况下就会快速下降0.1~0.2，差分干涉图的噪声增大；混凝土面板对微小的降雨敏感度小，但是在暴雨情况下将导致其表面完全失相干。上述结果表明，针对中小土石坝坡体变形监测应当顾及坝体的坡度及入射角选择合适的雷达成像参数，同时应充分利用降雨资料评估干涉图失相干情况，剔除噪声数据。  相似文献   

秦皇岛近岸海域潮间带砂质沉积物中微塑料和重金属污染特征   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

陈月琴  罗维  孙聪慧  吴光红 《海洋学报》2020,42(4):113-121

基于密度分离原理，利用饱和NaCl溶液对秦皇岛近岸海域潮间带砂质沉积物中的微塑料进行了浮选和分离提取，采用显微红外光谱方法分析附着在滤膜上的微塑料颗粒形貌和材质。结合扫描电子显微镜?能谱仪(Scanning Electron Microscopy Energy Dispersive Spectrometer，SEM-EDS)对微塑料样品进行微观形貌观察及微区成分的分析。并采用地累积指数(Geo Accumulation Indexes，I_geo)和富集系数(Enrichment Factors，EF)分析砂质沉积物中重金属Hg、Cd和Pb污染水平和富集特点。分析砂质沉积物中烧失量(Loss on Ignition，LOI)、总有机碳(Total Organic Carbon，TOC)、总氮(Total Nitrogen，TN)以及碳氮的稳定同位素组成(δ13C和δ15N)，探讨有机质的可能来源。结果表明:秦皇岛近岸海域潮间带砂质沉积物中有纤维类、发泡类、薄膜类3种微塑料，以纤维类的微塑料为主。微塑料表层富集有Si、Al、Mg、Fe和Ca等元素。沉积物中Hg和Cd富集水平较高，Pb富集水平较低。沉积物TOC和TN含量较低，LOI为TOC的1.6倍，δ13C、δ15N和TOC/TN的数值范围均显示有机质以海洋浮游植物藻类等海源为主。  相似文献   

RP-HPLC法同时测定翅碱蓬中四种黄酮化合物的含量     

郭丽霞  宁寰宇  曹苇  李慧  孔亮  谭成玉 《海洋科学》2020,44(4):111-115

建立RP-HPLC(反相高效液相色谱法)同时测定翅碱蓬中四种黄酮化合物-芸香苷、槲皮素3-β-D-葡萄糖苷、水仙苷和槲皮素的含量。采用Kromasil C18色谱柱(4.6 mm×250 mm,5μm),检测波长为361nm,柱温为30℃,流动相为甲醇-0.4%冰乙酸(55︰45),流速1.0mL/min,四种黄酮类化合物得到很好的分离。芸香苷、槲皮素3-β-D-葡萄糖苷、水仙苷和槲皮素浓度均为0.001~0.01 mg/mL范围内呈现良好线性关系,相关系数R2在0.9990~0.9996,加标回收率(n=3)范围为82.39%~99.03%。该方法简单、快速、高效,可以用于翅碱蓬中四种黄酮化合物的含量分析。  相似文献   

Environmental impact of fluidized solidified silt casting on surrounding water bodies     

Yunquan Li  Silin Wu  Shi Shu  Yiyan Lv  Yan Cui 《Marine Georesources & Geotechnology》2020,38(5):604-610

Abstract

With the growing demand for underwater refill engineering, the construction technology of implementing fluidized solidification in underwater pouring has recently received increased attention. However, the environmental impact of underwater casting on surrounding water bodies, especially when the silt is polluted, is still unclear. In this study, a simulated underwater pouring test and a static immersion release test were conducted separately to study the quality of the surrounding water during and after pouring. The results showed that fluidized-solidified silt casting could increase the pH of the surrounding water, even after the pouring had stopped, by approximately 1.0 and the turbidity could reach 200 NTU. No diffusion of Zn and Cu into the surrounding water was observed and while Ni and Cr exhibited slight diffusion, this was at a level well below international water quality standard. During construction, reducing the distance from the seafloor to the bottom of the pouring catheter could reduce the level of pollution. After construction, the use of neutral solidified materials can effectively reduce the pH of the surrounding water and the potential risk of heavy metal dissolution.  相似文献   

Effect of rainfall uncertainty on the performance of physically based rainfall–runoff models     

Ignacio Fraga  Luis Cea  Jernimo Puertas 《水文研究》2019,33(1):160-173

This paper analyses the effect of rain data uncertainty on the performance of two hydrological models with different spatial structures: a semidistributed and a fully distributed model. The study is performed on a small catchment of 19.6 km² located in the north‐west of Spain, where the arrival of low pressure fronts from the Atlantic Ocean causes highly variable rainfall events. The rainfall fields in this catchment during a series of storm events are estimated using rainfall point measurements. The uncertainty of the estimated fields is quantified using a conditional simulation technique. Discharge and rain data, including the uncertainty of the estimated rainfall fields, are then used to calibrate and validate both hydrological models following the generalized likelihood uncertainty estimation (GLUE) methodology. In the storm events analysed, the two models show similar performance. In all cases, results show that the calibrated distribution of the input parameters narrows when the rain uncertainty is included in the analysis. Otherwise, when rain uncertainty is not considered, the calibration of the input parameters must account for all uncertainty in the rainfall–runoff transformation process. Also, in both models, the uncertainty of the predicted discharges increase in similar magnitude when the uncertainty of rainfall input increase.  相似文献   

Dissolved organic matter in surface runoff in the Loess Plateau of China: The role of rainfall events and land-use     

Zhongwu Li  Hao Peng  Binggeng Xie  Chun Liu  Xiaodong Nie  Danyang Wang  Mei Huang  Haibing Xiao  Lin Shi  Xuqin Zhang  Jieyu Jiang 《水文研究》2020,34(6):1446-1459

Exploring the chemical characterization of dissolved organic matter (DOM) is important for understanding the fate of laterally transported organic matter in watersheds. We hypothesized that differences in water-extractable organic matter (WEOM) in soils of varying land uses and rainfall events may significantly affect the quality and the quantity of stream DOM. To test our hypotheses, characteristics of rainfall-runoff DOM and WEOM of source materials (topsoil from different land uses and gullies, as well as typical vegetation) were investigated at two adjacent catchments in the Loess Plateau of China, using ultraviolet–visible absorbance and excitation emission matrix fluorescence with parallel factor analysis (PARAFAC). Results indicated that land-use types may significantly affect the chemical composition of soil WEOM, including its aromaticity, molecular weight, and degree of humification. The PARAFAC analysis demonstrated that the soils and stream water were dominated by terrestrial/allochthonous humic-like substances and microbial transformable humic-like fluorophores. Shifts in the fluorescence properties of stream DOM suggested a pronounced change in the relative proportion of allochthonous versus autochthonous material under different rainfall patterns and land uses. For example, high proportions of forestland could provide more allochthonous DOM input. This study highlights the relevance of soils and hydrological dynamics on the composition and fluxes of DOM issuing from watersheds. The composition of DOM in soils was influenced by land-use type. Precipitation patterns influenced the proportion of terrestrial versus microbial origins of DOM in surface runoff. Contributions of allochthonous, terrestrially derived DOM inputs were highest from forested landscapes.  相似文献   

The interanual rainfall variability in Indonesia corresponding to El Niño Southern Oscillation and Indian Ocean Dipole     

Hendrawan I Gede  Asai Koji  Triwahyuni Andhit  Lestari Diah Valentina 《海洋学报(英文版)》2019,38(7):57-66

The Impact of the Indian Ocean Dipole(IOD) and the El Ni?o Southern Oscillation(ENSO) event for Indonesian rainfall has been investigated for the period from 1950 to 2011. Inter-annual change of IOD and ENSO indices are used to investigate their relationship with Indonesian rainfall. By using the wavelet transform method, we found a positive significant correlation between IOD and Indonesian rainfall on the time scale of nearly 2.5–4 years.Furthermore, the positive significant correlation between ENSO(sea surface temperature anomaly at Ni?o3.4 area indices) and Indonesian rainfall exists for shorter than 2 years and between 5.5 to 6.5-year time scales.  相似文献